What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence can be said to be the simulation of human intelligence in machines, most especially computer systems, that are programmed to think like human beings and imitate their actions. It is the ability of a computer-controlled robot to perform tasks usually done by humans or the ability of smart machines being able to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The term is applied to any machine that exhibits intellectual characteristics associated with a human mind such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, learn, recognize speech or solve problems. A subdivision of artificial intelligence is Machine Learning (ML), which is the concept of computer programs to automatically learn from and adapt to new data without the help of humans.
Ever since the development of digital computers in the 1940’s, it has been revealed that computers can be programmed to carry out extremely complex tasks such as discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or even playing chess skillfully.
History Of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
The idea of inanimate objects coming to life as intelligent beings has been for a long time. The ancient Greeks had myths about robots, and Chinese and Egyptian engineers built automatons.
The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pits in the year 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
In 1949 Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called “Hebbian Learning”.
In 1950 Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning published “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the “first artificial intelligence program which was named as “Logic Theorist” in 1955. The program proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and found new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
AI was a term first coined at Dartmouth College, USA in 1956 as an academic field for the first time. It was first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
Then researchers emphasized on developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems. In 1966 Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot, which was named ELIZA.
The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1 in 1972.
After several reports criticizing the progress of AI, government funding and interest in the field dropped off from 1974-1980 which is known as the “AI winter.” It refers to the time when computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from the government for AI research. During AI winters, the interest of the public on artificial intelligence decreased.
After the AI winter period, AI came back with “Expert System”. Expert systems were programs that emulated the decision-making ability of a human expert. In 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University when the British government started funding it again in part to compete with efforts by the Japanese.
Between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration. Investors and the government again stopped funding for AI research due to high cost but no efficient results coinciding with the collapse of the market for some of the early general-purpose computers. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.
The research picked up again after that in 1997, where IBM Deep Blue became the first computer to beat world chess champion, when it defeated Russian grandmaster Gary Kasparov.
In 2002 for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
AI came into the Business world in 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
In the year 2011, the computer giant’s question-answering system IBM’s Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show by beating reigning champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. It had to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
In 2012 Google has launched an Android app feature “Google now”, which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction
In the year 2014, the talking computer “Chatbot Eugene Goostman” captured headlines for tricking judges into thinking he was human during a Turing test, a competition developed by British mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950 as a way to assess whether a machine is intelligent and won.
In 2018 the “Project Debater” from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
Google demonstrated an AI program “Duplex” which was a virtual assistant and had taken hairdresser appointments on call, and the lady on the other side didn’t notice that she was talking with the machine.
As of now AI has developed to a very remarkable stage. The concept of Deep learning, and data science are now trending. Companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
How AI Works
AI is a complex subject without a clear singular definition which is beyond unclear assertions such as ‘machines that are intelligent. AI works by combining large sets of data with intelligent, iterative processing algorithms to learn from patterns and features in the data that they analyze.
AI has been designed to think humanly, think rationally, act humanely, act rationally. The ability of AI to think humanly and rationally relates to it being able to process and reason, such as an ability to learn and problem solving in a similar manner to the human mind. Its ability to act humanely and rationally relates to its behaviors and actions. d other areas of artificial intelligence work into machines. Every time an AI system runs a round of data processing, it tests and measures its own performance and develops additional expertise.
Since AI never needs a break, it can run through millions of tasks very quickly, learning a great deal of speed and becoming extremely capable at whatever it’s being trained to do. To understand how AI truly work is to understand the idea that AI isn’t just a single computer program or application, but an entire discipline, or a science.
The goal of AI is to build computer systems that are capable of modeling human behavior so that they can think like humans and help to solve complex problems.
What Makes Up Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
For AI to work, it has to utilize a whole series of techniques and processes, as well as a broad variety of different technologies. The different components of AI is as follows:
Machine Learning – This is a specific application of AI which allows computer systems, programs, or applications to learn automatically and develop better results based on experience, all without being programmed or without human supervision. Machine Learning allows AI to find patterns in data, uncover insights, and improve the results of whatever task the system has been set out to achieve.
Deep Learning – This is a specific type of machine learning which allows AI to learn and improve by processing data. Deep Learning makes use of artificial neural networks which imitates biological neural nerves in the human brain to process information, find connections between data and come up with results based on positive and negative reinforcement.
Neural Networks – This is a process which analyzes data sets over and over again to find associations and interpret meaning from undefined data. Neural Networks operate like the neurons in the human brain, allowing AI systems to take in large data sets, uncover patterns amongst the data, and answer questions about it.
Cognitive Computing – This is designed to imitate the interactions between humans and machines, allowing computer models to imitate the way the human brain works when performing a difficult task, like analyzing text, speech, or images.
Natural Language Processing – This is a critical piece of the AI process because it allows computers to recognize, analyze, interpret, and truly understand the human language, either written or spoken. Natural Language Processing is critical for all AI-driven systems that interact with humans either via text or spoken inputs.
Computer Vision – A productive use of AI technologies is its ability to review and interpret the content of an image via pattern recognition and deep learning. Computer Vision lets AI systems identify components of visual data, like the captchas you see on the web which learn by asking humans to help them identify cars, bridges, crosswalks, bicycles, traffic lights, etc.
Types Of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
An assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and engineering at Michigan State University, Arend Hintze explained that AI can be categorized into four types.
Reactive Machines: These are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence. They have no memory storage of past experiences for future actions and are task specific.They only focus on current scenarios and react to it as per possible best action. An example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov in the 1990’s. It could identify pieces on the chessboard and make predictions. Another example is Google’s AlphaGo.
Limited Memory: These AI systems have limited memory storage, so they can use stored past experiences or data using that data to make better predictions. for a short period of time. These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only. Self-driving cars are designed this way. These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information that can help them navigate the road.
Theory of mind: Theory of mind is a psychological term. When applied to AI, it means that the system would have the social intelligence to understand emotions. AI would use it to understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.This type of AI will be able to understand human intentions and predict behavior, which is a necessary skill for AI systems to become integral members of human teams. These types of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making efforts and improvements in developing such AI machines.
Self-awareness: This is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. They would have a sense of self, which gives them consciousness. Machines with self-awareness understand their own current state. These machines will be smarter than the human mind. This type of AI does not yet exist; it is just a hypothetical concept.
Application Of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence has made its way into the market and it is being used in almost every sector. There are a lot of uses of Artificial Intelligence in the modern economy. Implementations of Artificial Intelligence are chatbots that appear on websites or in the form of smart speakers like Alexa or Siri. AI is used to make predictions like weather and financial forecasting, to streamline production processes, and to cut down on various forms of redundant cognitive labor like tax accounting or editing. AI is also used to play games, operate autonomous vehicles, process language, and so much more.
AI in Healthcare: AI is very good at identifying small anomalies in scans. It has been trained to provide personalized medicine and can better triangulate diagnoses from a patient’s symptoms and vitals. AI is also used to classify patients, maintain and track medical records, deal with health insurance claims, give reminders about when patients need to take their medicine and suggestions for specific exercises they should perform to improve their recovery from injuries. Future innovations are thought to include AI-assisted robotic surgery, virtual nurses or doctors and collaborative clinical judgment.
AI in business: Machine learning algorithms are being used in analytics and customer relationship management platforms to give information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have been inputted into websites to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a talking point among academics and IT analysts. AI systems are being consulted to design more effective store layouts, handle stock management, and provide shopping suggestions.
AI in manufacturing: Manufacturing has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into the workflow. For example, the industrial robots that were programmed to perform single tasks and separated from human workers. Smaller, multitasking robots that collaborate with humans and take on responsibility for more parts of the job in warehouses, factory floors and other workspaces. AI solutions help forecast load and demand for factories, improving their efficiency and allow factory managers to make better decisions about ordering materials, completion timetables, and other logistics issues.
AI in education: It has access to students and adapt to their needs helping them work at their own pace. Additional support can be provided to students by AI tutors, ensuring they stay on track. It can even change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some teachers if these teachers are incompetent.
AI in law: Sifting through documents in law can be overwhelming for humans. AI can help automate the legal industry’s labor-intensive processes by saving time and improving client service. Law firms are using machine learning to describe data and predict outcomes. Computer vision can help classify and extract information from documents and natural language processing to interpret requests for information.
AI in banking: Banks are now employing chatbots to make their customers aware of services and offerings and to handle transactions that don’t require human intervention. AI virtual assistants are being used to improve and cut the costs of compliance with banking regulations. Banking organizations are also using AI to improve their decision-making for loans, and to set credit limits and identify investment opportunities.
Artificial intelligence is used in every sector including autonomous vehicles, medical diagnosis, natural language processing, mathematics, art, gaming, search engines, digital assistants (such as Siri), image recognition, spam filtering, flight delay prediction, targeted online advertising, energy storage and so much more. It is now widely used by social media platforms to determine which stories should be targeted to which sections of the audience to generate more traffic.
Artificial intelligence will change lives in a number of different ways because technology continues to grow and advance. Some of these changes are beginning to be seen as of now and the future will see advances that we may not even have thought of yet. And with AI we world be having technology at its best